We are still actively working on the spam issue, the wiki may be restored to an earlier date and account creation may be disabled.Cryptocurrency Jump to: navigation, search This dongle is a stub.You can help the InstallGentoo Wiki by .NOTE: Begging for cryptocurrency is against the rules!It's also annoying as fuck!Cryptocurrencies refer to a number of protocols which can be used to store financial information over the internet without the need for a central arbitration or regulatory service such as a bank or government.This is possible using public/private key cryptography, P2P communication, and a public, distributed ledger called the blockchain.Current (May 2017) top cryptocurrencies include Bitcoin, Litecoin, Ethereum, Monero, Dash, and Ripple.Contents 1 2 3 4 All cryptocurrencies work on a distributed, P2P network.Each person on the network acts as a sort of teller.Their computers that they give to the network process a fraction of all transactions.

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You can either have your entire computer as your "bitcoin wallet" (not recommended), or you can use an online bitcoin bank, such as Coinbase, which is one of many popular online banks.Now, after you create an account, you can recieve bitcoins through two methods.Your email address, or your Bitcoin number ID.mbtc bitcoinAn example of what a Bitcoin number ID looks like is as follows: 1H3gZJnZbraG6Nsg8QodB9CUBEPhjhrVUt.This is what you need to make public.Through this number ID, it is possible to easily send and receive bitcoins.NOTE: WHILE IT IS COMMONLY PERCEIVED AS SUCH, BITCOIN AND RELATED CRYPTO-CURRENCIES ARE NOT MEANT TO BE ANONYMOUS.THEY ARE ONLY CALLED THAT BY IDIOT JOURNALISTS BECAUSE ANONYMOUS SITES LIKE SILK ROAD THAT OPERATE OVER TOR USE THEM.DO NOT USE BITCOINS IF YOU ARE PLANNING TO DO SOMETHING THAT IS REQUIRED TO BE ANONYMOUS OR SOME OTHER SHIT.Bitcoin Ethereum Litecoin Bitcoin is accepted at thousands of stores on the internet and in person.

Here are some of the most popular stores: -- Tons of products in different categories / -- Computer hardware and electronics / -- Cheap games / -- Domain names and hosting Other cryptocurrencies are accepted at much fewer stores.https://www.bitstamp.net/ -- World largest bitcoin exchange https://litecoin.info/Mining_hardware_comparison /This topic does not exist yet You've followed a link to a topic that doesn't exist yet.If permissions allow, you may create it by clicking on “Create this page”.Перейти к: навигация, поиск Запрашиваемое название страницы неправильно, пусто, либо неверно указано межъязыковое или интервики название.Возможно, в названии используются недопустимые символы.Возврат к странице Заглавная страница.Partners Support Community BuildingSoftwareReceipts Contents Flash Applications Web Server Applications Search Applications File Systems Crypto Currency Developer Tools Flash Applications * SWF Tools - A collection of SWF manipulation and creation utilities.

Web Server Applications * eAccelerator - eAccelerator is a free open-source PHP accelerator & optimizer.Search Applications * Sphinx Search - Sphinx a fast and relevantfull-text index and search engine.File Systems * Reiser4 FileSystem - Reiser 4 is a is very efficient and fast Linux OS Filesystem.Crypto Currency * BitCoin - Bitcoin is a software-based online crypto currency internet payment system.* CPUMiner - Cpuminer is a free multi-threaded, very highly optimized CPU miner for Litecoin and Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies.Developer Tools * MonoDevelop - Cross platform IDE for C#, F# and more.BuildingSoftwareReceipts (last edited 2015-12-08 07:54:54 by Bolaram Paul)For a short summary of breaking changes, see the Mirage 3.0.0 release notes.This document is a guide to porting your existing unikernel from the Mirage 2.x interface to Mirage 3.x.If your unikernel was based on one of the examples in the mirage-skeleton repository, you may find hannesm's collection of diffs from v2.9.1 to v3.0.0 for popular unikernels to be a useful reference.

A number of refinements to the configuration language for Mirage were made in the Mirage 2.7.0 release, which incorporated the functoria DSL.It was still possible to use the previous calls, however, until Mirage 3.0.0 where support for them was dropped.Many users whose unikernels predate Mirage 2.7.0 will first notice the functoria improvements in the 3.0.0 release, as they'll finally be forced to use them.The idiom for deciding which impl to use based on the backend is the most noticeable change.Numerous older config.ml files include code like the following, from mirage-skeleton's kv_ro example in commit 21adfc85b124e886d871079f28bd0a868ba3c5fb, which attempts to detect which kv_ro device to use based on the target chosen with mirage configure -t and environment variables: Functoria improved the situation considerably by including convenience functions which not only have logic for autodetecting which implementations are suitable based on the backend selected, but also other arguments given to mirage configure.

The code above can be replaced with: generic_kv_ro knows about not only the Xen, Unix, and MacOSX targets handled by the previous config.ml code, but also will do the right thing for new targets Ukvm, Virtio, and Qubes.The command-line argument --kv_ro will be understood when mirage configure is run from a directory with a config.ml including generic_kv_ro.Several useful default_ and generic_ functions are provided by the Mirage module for use in config.ml: Many existing unikernels will find it useful to replace their existing network stack detecting code with generic_stackv4 in particular -- let's see an example.A good example of replacing old configurator code can be seen between the pre-functoria network example, and the device-usage/network example from the Mirage-3.0.0-compatible branch of mirage-skeleton.We can replace this old code from config.ml: You may notice that generic_stackv4 doesn't take a console argument, where the previous direct_stackv4* and socket_stackv4 functions did.

This leads us to another big change that predates MirageOS 3, but is more widely used and better supported in this release: logging.The mirage_logs library and its incorporation into the configuration language dates back to version 2.9.0, but a number of libraries still required a console impl argument and expected to log to the console.In Mirage 3.0.0, we've tried to replace the calls to Console.log with calls to Logs.debug, Logs.info, or Logs.warn as appropriate.Consequently, many of the functions which previously needed to be passed a console no longer require it.For example, we can take the stackv4 example from mirage-skeleton commit f36d2958f616fb882df37f08d3440797471ca0cc, which fails with Mirage 3: Note that in the output above, we get an initial error message suggesting that -t unix is not understood by mirage configure.The failure to understand any option, including -t, is a side effect of config.ml itself not being understood by mirage The error message from ocamlbuild that follows the mirage output about -t unix is the right place to start fixing this problem.

Let's remove the default_console argument to stackv4, to give the following config.ml: We can see from the last bit of output that tap0 is no longer known to Mirage.The tap0 function has been renamed to the more idiomatic default_network in MirageOS 3, so let's change that to get the following config.ml: and then try mirage configure to see some success: In Mirage 2.x, mirage configure would automatically invoke opam to install the latest version of any packages it detected were needed.The automatic alteration of the build environment was surprising to a lot of people, and additionally the invocation of opam install was slow enough that many heavy Mirage users usually called mirage configure with the --no-opam option to disable it.In Mirage 3, mirage configure no longer automatically installs packages, but a convenient shorthand for installing everything necessary is still available with make depend.make depend relies on information discovered during mirage configure, and is only available after that step.

You should run it when you change config.ml or you invoke mirage configure with different arguments.We've just done the former, so we'll need to make depend before makeing: We got a bit further that time, but we're still not quite there.The module previously known as V1_LWT, which contained definitions for all of the module types (e.g.CONSOLE, BLOCK, STACKV4) used to define bits of operating system functionality has renamed.V1 is now Mirage_types, and V1_LWT is now Mirage_types_lwt.Both Mirage_types and Mirage_types_lwt just refer to definitions in respective packages now, rather than containing the module types directly, and it would be better to directly reference the ones we need rather than opening up all of Mirage_types_lwt.(You may find the map of module type names from Mirage_types to their true names useful to keep handy.)Let's edit unikernel.ml to refer to Mirage_console_lwt.S and Mirage_stack_lwt.V4 accordingly: We get a bit closer, but we're still not to successful compilation yet: C is a module of type Mirage_console_lwt.S.

This module type was refactored in Mirage 3 to remove log, and rename the more commonly used log_s to log.If we really want to be sure that our messages go to the console, rather than to another available logging destination, we can change unikernel.ml to use C.log instead of C.log_s: This lets us find our next problem: The module T is the TCP module from the stack passed by Mirage_stack_lwt.V4.The module type definition for TCP lives in mirage-protocols, where we can find a function named dst with which to replace the call to get_dst.(This change is also noted in the mirage-tcpip version 3.0.0 release notes.)Replacing get_dest with dst gives us the following unikernel.ml: which generates a new error: We get this build failure because the code expects T.read to return a value of type but errors have been reworked in Mirage 3.T.read, and other functions like it, now return a value of type We know that T.buffer is Cstruct.t from Mirage_protocols_lwt.TCP.Mirage_flow.or_eof is parameterized over that type, and T.error is some superset of Tcp.error so we can expect the type of T.read's returned value to be where ???

is something that can be printed by T.pp_error, but the details of which we don't know.We can change the function which is on the right of the >>= produced by T.read to comply with this error scheme: and now, finally, make should produce a runnable binary.The error handling above is very unsatisfying, though, and so is the output -- for a toy application it's okay to output to the console, but for a unikernel which might be deployed to an arbitrary cloud service, console access isn't always a given.Let's refactor this code to remove the console argument to the unikernel, and replace the calls to C.log with Logs calls of the appropriate level.Our config.ml will look like this: and then we'll need to change our unikernel.ml like so: We can remove the open Printf since we're no longer constructing any strings with sprintf, and now we can set the log level for this application at configure time or run time -- if we only want to see errors, we can choose to do so by asking for -l *:warning, and we can see a lot of debug output (from all layers, including the TCP/IP stack") by asking for -l *:debug.

We've also replaced the catchall error message with a call to T.pp_error, which will invoke the TCP module's error-printing function to give a string explaining any problems -- much nicer than the read: error output we would have gotten previously.To illustrate how to solve some more common problems, let's look at the ping example, which has the following config.ml: Trying to mirage configure this fails: because the function foreign no longer takes a libraries argument.libraries and packages were two optional string list arguments in Mirageversions >= 2.7.x but < 3.x.libraries was for ocamlfind libraries, and packages for OPAM packages; both string lists were simply fed ocamlfind and opam commands respectively.The documentation for foreign will be a useful reference for us.In Mirage 3, packages is now a variable of type package list.One can get a package by calling Mirage.package, which has the following signature: ping needs tcpip and the sublibraries arpv4, ethif, and ipv4, so we'll try the following config.ml: and with that, we can get to our next problem: In Mirage3, the catchall CLOCK module type was replaced with two distinct types of clock modules: PCLOCK, a POSIX-compatible wall clock, and MCLOCK, a monotonically increasing counter.

In our experience porting MirageOS libraries, nearly all users of CLOCK wanted something like MCLOCK rather than something like PCLOCK.In the case of ping, we only want to pass the module to Arpv4.Make.The signature for Arpv4.Make in version 3.0 asks for an MCLOCK, so we'll include an mclock in the arguments to foreign.In register, we'll use default_monotonic_clock.Our config.ml will look like: Trying to mirage configure this gives us an error message because we're still trying to call tap0, which we learned in the last example has been replaced with default_network.Let's fix that up, to get the following config.ml: and now we can run mirage configure successfully.In order to build the unikernel, we'll need to make a few additional changes, as noticed by make depend && make: We need to make many of the changes mentioned in the example above, so let's get started: We'll use Mirage_console_lwt.S instead of V1_LWT.CONSOLE, replace V1_LWT.NETWORK with Mirage_net_lwt.S, choose Mirage_clock_lwt.MCLOCK as the module type we want to replace V1_LWT.CLOCK, and use Mirage_time_lwt.S in place of V1_LWT.TIME to get the following unikernel.ml: to get our next problem: mirage-tcpip renamed the Ipv4 module to Static_ipv4, as part of a larger reorganization of how IP configuration works.

(You can read more in the release notes for mirage-tcpip version 3.0.0.)Since our unikernel isn't using the generic_stackv4 function but rather calling the functors that make a stack directly, it has to know about this name change.We'll tell it, to make the following unikernel.ml: When we try to make this unikernel, we get a familiar error message about C.log_s.Let's replace the calls to C.log_s with calls to the appropriate Logs functions, like we did in the previous example, to get the following config.ml that no longer passes a console: And a matching unikernel.ml, from which we've removed the color functions red, green, yellow, and blue, removed the unused _c argument from or_error, replaced C.log and C.log_s with Logs calls, removed the C:Mirage_console_lwt.S module argument to Main, and removed the c argument from start: Let's see what happens next: The connect functions that we're directly invoking no longer return a polymorphic variant, but rather will raise an exception if a problem occurred.

Therefore, we no longer need to wrap them in or_error, so we can remove that function from unikernel.ml: For our next trick, we'll solve a new problem: Line 18 is the call to A.connect.The documentation for the Arpv4 module in mirage-tcpip, which we're invoking directly, has a connect function that expects a Clock.t, where Clock is the second module which was passed to Arpv4.Make.The unikernel receives such a Clock.t as an argument to start, but it's currently ignoring it.Let's edit unikernel.ml to stop ignoring _clock, and pass it as an argument to A.connect: Next, we'll find some difficulties with the functions we're trying to call from I: The IP module type no longer allows for mutable IP configuration settings.The type signature for I.connect shows that, with some help from Ipaddr.V4 and a bit of adjustment gateway being Ipaddr.V4.t option rather than Ipaddr.V4.t list as I.set_ip_gateways previously expected, we can set the values directly when invoking I.connect from unikernel.ml: Let's see how we do: Our error message tells us that N.listen can now return an error, so our function that expects it to return unit is no longer valid.

We can fix this problem by changing the function on the right-hand side of the >>= following the call to listen to be a function that matches on the possible values, as we did for T.read in the previous example: and now we get a buildable unikernel: Hooray, we've ported another unikernel!If you're encountering problems that weren't discussed here, you may find useful information in the release notes for Mirage version 3.The updated examples in the mirage-skeleton may also be of use to you -- look in the device-usage directory for examples of unikernels that may be trying to use the same libraries as you are, or the applications category for richer examples on which you may have based a running unikernel from Mirage 2.If neither of those is helpful to you and you're stuck, please feel free to ask in the #mirage IRC channel on FreeNode, via e-mail at our mailing list, mirageos-devel, or by raising an issue on the mirage front-end tool repository at GitHub.We welcome problem reports and contributions (including suggestions for improving this document).