Ethereum is now for the first time the blockchain with highest mining incentive or simply put 'the most secured' (i.redd.it)Lisk is a public blockchain platform that provides decentralized blockchain apps.It was forked from Crypti by Max Kordek and Olivier Beddows in early 2016.[1][2]Contents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Lisk started as a fork of Crypti beginning with an ICO (Initial Coin Offering) to decide the initial distribution and raise development funds.The ICO raised $5.8 million and, at the time, was the second most successful cryptocurrency crowdfund (later that month, WAVES and The DAO would surpass it).[3][4]On May 24, 2016, the mainnet for Lisk went live and it became available for trading on major exchanges.[5]Quickly after trading started, Lisk briefly became the second most popular cryptocurrency traded against Bitcoin.[6][7]Lisk aims to be the first (successful) of its kind as a modular cryptocurrency.[8][9]The idea is that every Blockchain App is on its own sidechain, separate from the main blockchain.

This should help with scalability issues that many cryptocurrencies were facing, such as bitcoin.The sidechain is secured by a group of 101 master nodes elected by the app's owner, and operate using the same Delegated-proof-of-stake (DPoS) consensus mechanism as the parent Lisk network.The Blockchain Apps are written using NodeJS/JavaScript on the backend and CSS3/HTML5/JavaScript for the frontend.[10]Lisk uses the DPoS (Delegated Proof of Stake) algorithm originally created by BitShares.[11]What differentiates it from regular PoS (Proof of Stake) is that only the top 101 delegates (determined by voting weight of voters) are actively forging and securing the network.Lisk DPoS functions through a series of rounds.Rounds consist of 101 individual blocks.Each of the 101 active delegates are randomly assigned 1 block within the round to forge.A full cycle round takes 17 minutes.If a selected delegate is unable to forge their assigned block, activity from that block moves to the next block in the round.[12]

The Lisk network forges blocks in 10s intervals.In the event that a delegate fails to properly forge their assigned block, the transactions move to the next block in the round, causing the block to be extended by 10s.Each subsequent missed block results in a 10s delay for transaction processing and confirmations.Lisk utilizes an inflationary forging rewards system which creates new LSK for every successful block.During year 1, the forging rewards are set at 5 LSK per block.Every 3,000,000 blocks (~1 year) forging rewards are reduced by 1 LSK, ending at 1 LSK per block after 5 years.The forging rewards will then stay at 1 LSK per block indefinitely.[12]The Forging Rewards will be equally distributed through all active (top 101) delegates, same as any network fees.Lisk is commonly compared to Ethereum and Crypti, so it is important to note their differences.Lisk and Ethereum both try to provide a platform for a similar idea: Decentralized Applications (Lisk calls them Blockchain Applications[13]) Lisk commonly compared to Crypti, because it is a fork of it.

However, they have various differences:[17] Lisk partnered with Microsoft to integrate Lisk into its Azure Blockchain as a Service (BaaS) program — meaning developers worldwide can develop, test, and deploy Lisk blockchain applications using Microsoft's Azure cloud computing platform and infrastructure.[18]litecoin asic possible^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ a b ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^bitcoin mining using xboxEditor’s Note: Chung is an Oursky Intern.bitcoin fibonacciAfter participating in our Smart Contract consulting project, he wrote this introductory article to catalog his learnings about the Ethereum network.coin stamp bitcoin

You must have heard of Bitcoin, the distributed currency system.Bitcoin utilizes a technique called blockchain which stores all the transaction records.bitcoin blackhat methodBlockchain also ensures that no malicious modifications could be applied to the records.bitcoin powAs a distributed system, Bitcoin utilizes machines on the whole network to compute and verify the changes on the records.asic bitcoin quickly miner usbWhat if we go went beyond storing transaction records into program states?litecoin hardware list wikiThis makes the whole network a computer for general purpose computations with program states that no one can modify illegally.bitcoin mining hub

Bitcoin blockchain architecture has several problems for general purpose computations.They include network state dependency, Turing-completeness and block time.Bitcoin only stores the transactions of coins in the blockchain.Therefore, the state of the network (implicitly constructed by transaction records) is just the amount of coins for each account.For general purpose computations, we need general purpose program states.Bitcoin has a simple script system.It is not Turing-complete and does not have loop control structures.The fundamental problem is that a loop-supporting script allows an attacker to easily perform a DOS attack by telling miners to do infinite loops.Thus we need an approach that prevents infinite loops while keeping a certain level of Turing-completeness.Bitcoin is adjusted to about 10 minutes per block, which means that a transaction will take at least 10 minutes.For security reasons, one usually waits for more blocks to confirm the transaction, which usually takes an hour.

It is not quite acceptable if we need an hour for every run of a program.Instead of transactions, Ethereum stores a tree of program states.It utilizes a special data structure called Merkle Patricia Tree to make fast modification and verification of the states possible.Each time when a program executes, there is a gas limit on the execution.Each instruction in the program codes consumes a fixed amount of gas, and the execution will be aborted if it runs out of gas.This provides a mechanism to ensure that every execution will be eventually terminated.Ethereum has implemented a simplified version of the Greedy Heaviest Observed Subtree (GHOST) protocol, which can speed up the block creation without compromising security.With the help of the GHOST protocol, block generation is now at the rate of about 30 seconds per block.In Ethereum, everyone has an account (public key) and can transfer coins (Ether) to other accounts, which is the same as Bitcoin.The difference is that an account can have associated code and storage data.

Such an account is called a contract, which represents a program in the Ethereum network.In Ethereum, everyone can deploy new contracts, and call functions exposed by other contracts.Contracts are written in a language called Solidity.For details, please refer to the documentation of Solidity.Suppose now I want to have a contract for voting.Below is the code of the contract written in Solidity: contract Voting { mapping(address => bool) voted; // Number of candidates, exposed by the "public" keyword uint public numCandidates; // key: candidate number, value: number of votes of the candidate mapping(uint => uint) public votes; // Constructor of the contract function Voting(uint myNumCandidates) { numCandidates = myNumCandidates; } function vote(uint candidate) { // the address of the account which initiated this call address from = tx.origin; if (voted[from]) { // voted before and is trying to vote again, so throw error throw; } // candidate: from 1 to numCandidates if (candidate <= 0 || candidate > numCandidates) { throw; } voted[from] = true; votes[candidate] += 1; } function getWinner() returns (uint) { uint winner = 0; uint winnerVotes = 0; for (uint candidate = 1; candidate <= numCandidates; candidate++) { if (votes[candidate] > winnerVotes) { winner = candidate; winnerVotes = votes[candidate]; } } return winner; } function() { // In case someone deposited Ether into this account // accidentally without calling any function, this "fallthrough" // function will be called, which throws an error and abort the // transaction throw; } } 123456789 { ( ; ) ; ; ( ; ) ; () { = ; } () { = .; ([]) { ; } ( &;= 0 &; ) { ; } [] = ; [] 1; } () () { = 0; = 0; ( = 1; &;= ; ) { ([] &; ) { = ; = []; } } ; } () { ; }} In this contract, I can specify the number of candidates when creating the contract.

After creating the contract, everyone can vote for one of the candidates by calling the Vote function exposed by the contract.The contract will check that everyone can vote once only.The contract also exposes the number of votes for each candidate and provides a function to check the winner.Now I need to deploy the code onto the Ethereum network.First, I open the Ethereum wallet.Then go to the “Contracts” tab for deploying a new contract.In “Deploy New Contract”, I paste my code written in Solidity.Now I can specify the parameters needed by the constructor, i.e.the number of candidates.After that, I scroll to the bottom to deploy the contract.You can see that I can specify the fee I want to pay for the contract.The more I pay, the faster the deployment of the contract will be accepted.One can check the estimated fee of the deployment in the confirmation dialog.Then the contract is sent through the Ethereum network and awaits confirmation by the nodes in the network.After that, the contract will appear in the “Contracts” tab.